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Flame tests and flame emission spectroscopy

Chemical analysis • Identification of ions

Key concepts

What you'll likely be quizzed about

  • In a flame test, a small sample of a metal compound is placed into a hot flame using a clean nichrome wire or a damp loop.
  • The heat excites the outer electrons of the metal atoms to higher energy levels.
  • When these electrons return to lower energy levels, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths, producing visible colors.
  • The observed flame color depends on the energy differences between electronic levels in the metal atoms.
  • Impurities and the type of flame can alter the apparent color, so controlled conditions and clean equipment are essential for reliable identification.

Flashcards

Test your knowledge with interactive flashcards

What effect does increasing concentration have on emission peak intensity in FES?

Click to reveal answer

Increasing concentration leads to a proportional increase in emission peak intensity within the instrument's linear range.

Key notes

Important points to keep in mind

Flame colour results from electronic transitions; energy gaps determine wavelength.

Sodium emission is strong and easily masks other metal colours.

Match observed wavelengths or colours to reference data.

Use calibration curves for quantitative FES interpretation.

Ensure clean equipment and controlled flame conditions to avoid contamination.

Adjust sample concentration to prevent detector saturation or below-detection signals.

Apply background correction and consider overlaps when interpreting FES spectra.

Instrumental methods provide sensitivity and selectivity advantages but require maintenance and calibration.

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