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Understanding sub-cellular structures and functions

Cell biology • Cell structure

Key concepts

What you'll likely be quizzed about

  • The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directs cellular activities, including protein synthesis and cell division.
  • It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, which separates DNA from cytoplasmic reactions.
  • This separation allows for regulated gene expression and the safe storage of genetic information.

Flashcards

Test your knowledge with interactive flashcards

What is the effect of increased membrane surface area on reaction rates?

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Increased internal membrane surface area provides more space for enzymes and carriers, enhancing the rate of respiration or photosynthesis.

Key notes

Important points to keep in mind

The nucleus stores DNA and controls the cell; most eukaryotic cells have one nucleus.

Mitochondria release energy through respiration; internal folds increase surface area.

Ribosomes synthesize proteins and appear as tiny dots in the cytoplasm.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis; absent in non-green tissues.

The permanent vacuole creates turgor pressure that supports the plant cell.

Cell walls of plants and algae contain cellulose for structural support; the membrane lies inside the wall.

Bacterial cells lack a nucleus; DNA exists as a loop in the cytoplasm and plasmids provide extra genes.

Identification relies on the presence or absence of cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles to differentiate between cell types.

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