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Disease interactions, cancer and their impacts

Organisation • Animal tissues, organs and systems

Key concepts

What you'll likely be quizzed about

  • Health reflects the stable functioning of both physical and mental systems.
  • Disease signifies a condition impairing normal functions and overall wellbeing.
  • Various factors such as pathogens, harmful chemicals, poor diet, or genetic mutations lead to disease, negatively impacting organ, tissue, or cellular performance.
  • The presence of multiple risk factors raises the likelihood of disease, while age and genetic background can influence risk and severity.

Flashcards

Test your knowledge with interactive flashcards

State one social cost of non-communicable disease.

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Reduced workforce productivity and increased informal care burdens for families.

Key notes

Important points to keep in mind

Health equals normal function; disease reduces function.

Immune defects (for example low lymphocytes) lead to repeated or severe infections.

Allergy results from an excessive immune response to harmless antigens; prior immune activation can promote allergy.

Viruses can cause cancer by inserting genes or disrupting cell-cycle control (example: HPV).

Cancer arises from mutations that allow uncontrolled mitosis; mutation sources include carcinogens and ionising radiation.

Carcinogens include chemicals (tar, asbestos) and ionising radiation (UV, X-rays).

Benign tumours stay local; malignant tumours invade and metastasise.

Chronic physical illness increases the risk of depression through biological and social mechanisms.

Prevention, screening, and early treatment reduce human and financial costs of non-communicable diseases.

Dose and duration of exposure to risk factors determine cancer risk; individual DNA-repair capacity modifies outcome.

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